Serena, Congratulations on this prestigious Award. Would you tell us about yourself and your research interests?

Sure, I received the MA in Pedagogy at Parma University in 2022, where I am now a PhD. student in History of Education. My research project complies with the health education processes and investigates the training received by healthcare professionals and the influence of traditional knowledge, as well as the strategies of formal and informal health education promoted by governments between the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries in Northern Italy. Although my course of study adheres to the educational disciplinary area, my research interests have focused on the history of education and medicine since my bachelor’s thesis. It all started with the discovery of an unexplored archive, where I found an epistolary exchange about how to encourage the diffusion of the smallpox injection. However, the interest in medical practices has been a part of me since I remember: when I was only a kid, one of my favorite books was a medical encyclopedia about the human body, its peculiarities, and pathologies.

Your research project sounds groundbreaking. Could you elaborate on how you plan to investigate these historical debates and what specific outcomes you hope to uncover?

How did the debate between Galenic medicine and iatrochemistry influence the medical education processes? What were the consequences of the diatribe on the medical profile regarding skills and knowledge? During training praxis, which materials did the physician implement? Through a historical reconstruction, I will try to answer to these questions. I’ll investigate the outcomes of the debate between galenic and chemical medicine on the physicians’ training processes, developed in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries in Western Europe, by analyzing the archival sources preserved in the Yale University’s book collection. The project will form the first chapter of my doctoral dissertation and, starting from an interdisciplinary perspective, it would offer the opportunity to conduct a comparative study, and connect the Yale University book heritage with the sources preserved in the Archive of the Ancient Congregation of Charity San Filippo Neri and the Archive Vitali Verga in Parma.

Can you describe the process and how you approach interpreting archival documents in your work?

The approach I will apply is based on the triangulation the archival sources, reading and textual analysis, and the interpretation of documents. The peculiarity of the applied methodology is that the research was not inspired by a predefined topic that could guide the activity’s design and direct the focus from the outset. The primary intention was to highlight Yale’s archive heritage, analyzing the material through historical and pedagogical skills and knowledge. This step is central to explain how the activity of collecting and reading archival documentation will be conducted, at least in the preliminary phase. Through this investigative exercise, the aim is to promote a historical method in the study of educational approaches, which reference an ever-changing sociocultural complexity.

Why do you believe your project will have a significant impact on our understanding of historical medical education?

The research project could be an opportunity not only to enhance the archival heritage of Yale University but also to establish comparative studies with local archives in Parma. Moreover, the impact of the debate between chemical medicine and Galenic medicine on the development of educational paths for physicians remains scarcely investigated, while numerous studies already outline the evolution of chemical medicine during the Seventeenth century.

Lastly, why did you choose to apply for the Santorio Global Fellowship?

Since my research interests focus on a field which sees the intersection of the history of medicine and science and the history of education, I thought that the Santorio Global Fellowship would be a unique opportunity to explore international archives and expand my knowledge and skills in these disciplinary areas. Exploring Yale University’s book heritage and including its sources in my doctoral dissertation would give to my research an exceptional comparative perspective, connecting them with the local archives that I survey in Parma.

Nephele Papakonstantinou

Congratulations on being awarded the VivaMente Grant for your upcoming conference. Can you tell us about the inspiration behind “Narratio in Medicine and the Law”?

Nephele: Thank you! The inspiration really stemmed from our individual research projects—mine in legal medicine and Daniel’s in diagnosis. We noticed a fascinating intersection between rhetoric and factual evidence in medical and medico-legal case histories. This conference aims to explore those intersections across various eras.

What specific goals do you have for this conference?

Daniel: Our main goal is to reassess the historical evolution of case histories or consilia as a specific literary form of medical and medico-legal writing, particularly focusing on its role in justice administration. We’re excited to delve into new questions and contribute to the ongoing debate in this field.

The conference covers a wide range of eras. How did you decide on this broad scope?

Nephele: We wanted to highlight the continuity and transformation of medical and medico-legal narratives from Graeco-Roman Antiquity, through Medieval Islamic medicine, to the Renaissance. This wide scope allows us to compare and contrast different cultural approaches to medical truths and their legal interactions.

It sounds like a highly interdisciplinary event. What do you hope to achieve by bringing together specialists from various fields?

Daniel: By drawing on the expertise of specialists in Classics, legal history, history of medicine, and the sciences, we aim to foster a rich, interdisciplinary dialogue. We believe this will offer new insights into how medical truths were shared and communicated across cultures and times, especially in relation to the law.

Daniel King

How will the VivaMente Grant facilitate this conference?

Nephele: The grant has been instrumental in enabling us to chart the development of medical case-histories and their interactions with medico-legal narratives. It’s allowed us to invite distinguished experts and attract early-career scholars from around the world, making it a truly international and interdisciplinary event.

What are you most looking forward to at the conference?

Daniel: Beyond the academic exchange, we’re looking forward to fostering new collaborations and networks. The field is ripe with exciting work, and we anticipate that this conference will spark innovative research directions and methodologies.

Lastly, any message for the participants and the wider academic community?

Nephele: We encourage everyone interested in the intersections of medicine, law, and literature to join us. This conference is not just about revisiting historical case-histories; it’s about envisioning new ways to understand the narratives that shape medical and legal practices today.

Thank you both for sharing your insights. We wish you a successful and enriching conference.

Daniel: Thank you! We’re looking forward to an engaging and thought-provoking event.

Viktorya, thank you for joining us today. Let’s start by discussing the collaboration between the  Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (IAE) and the Centre. Can you tell us about your institution and the type of research you conduct there?

Of course. The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography is a vital institution within the National Academy of the Republic of Armenia. We focus on scientific programs primarily in the fields of archaeology, ethnology, and folkloristics. With a team of around two hundred specialists, we produce a substantial volume of scholarly work every year, including articles, conference proceedings, books, and other scientific materials. Additionally, we regularly host conferences, seminars, dissertation defenses, and various scientific events to disseminate and discuss our research results. People interested in our activities can find more about our work on our website (https://iae.am/en) or follow us on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/iaenasr).

That sounds like an impressive range of activities and research. What’s your role in this institution?

At present, I’m heading the Scientific Organizational Department at the Institute. I’m particularly excited about our ongoing “100 Archaeological Monuments Project,” a collaboration between our institute and the American University of Armenia (AUA). Furthermore, I co-teach the “Introduction to Archaeology” course at AUA alongside Professor Arsen Bobokyan, who also serves as the Director of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. You can find more information about this collaboration on the project website (https://ama100.am/en) and the AUA website (https://aua.am/).

Now, regarding your collaboration with the CSMBR, what do you expect from this partnership?

We are genuinely excited about collaborating with the CSMBR across various educational and research domains. Together, we believe we can develop common scientific initiatives, such as workshops, conferences, and even archaeological excavations, to further advance our understanding of these fields. We envision an active exchange of programs between our students and staff, which will enrich the educational experiences of both institutions. Additionally, we anticipate collaborating on various scientific and educational activities, grants, seminars, and more.

 It’s clear that there are many exciting prospects for collaboration. Could you elaborate on why you specifically chose the CSMBR for this partnership?

 Well…I hold a personal connection to CSMBR since at least 2019, as I’ve been actively participating in different summer schools and online lectures organized by the center. During these interactions, I was deeply impressed by the values of humanism, kindness, and solidarity that the CSMBR embodies towards every group member. I genuinely appreciate these qualities, and they have made a lasting impression on me. The CSMBR is not only an international research center it is also a highly reputed institution. Its commitment to making a real difference for a sustainable future aligns perfectly with our aspirations. The CSMBR’s holistic approach, integrating research, education, and outreach, strengthens the excellence of its disciplines and fosters cross-disciplinary actions, which are in line with our goals.

 Looking ahead, what are your expectations for this collaboration in the future?

In the future, we hope to cultivate a highly productive and mutually beneficial collaboration between our two institutions. We envision organizing various conferences and participating in grants related to digital humanities and anthropology. Moreover, interdisciplinary research in the history of humanities is an exciting prospect that we’d like to explore further. Ultimately, we aim to foster a vibrant academic exchange that transcends borders and disciplines, contributing to the enrichment of knowledge and the advancement of research in our respective fields.

 Thank you, Viktorya. We look forward to witnessing the fruitful outcomes of this partnership in the years to come.

Hopefully, this will be the beginning of a highly productive and mutually beneficial collaboration between us. Thank you for this great opportunity and for the many that will come with it.

We’re very excited to have been awarded this year’s VivaMente Grant to hold a conference on Fertility, Medicine and the Body: Theory and Practice across the Premodern World. Both of us work on the history of fertility and reproduction (Catherine on the Middle Ages and Sarah on early modern England) and for some time we’ve been talking about the amount of interesting work that is being done in the field. This work spans a wide range of periods and regions, including ancient Greece, the medieval Arabic-speaking world, and medieval and early modern Europe. We began to think that the next step was to bring specialists in these different cultures together, to explore long-term continuity and change, especially since all of these cultures had medical ideas about reproduction that were rooted in ancient Greek humoral medicine. We also wondered how ideas about fertility in these cultures compared with those of other premodern societies, for example in China and India. The VivaMente Grant has given us the opportunity to start exploring the history of fertility comparatively. It has allowed us to invite speakers who work on different periods and places, including one who will talk about how the history of premodern fertility speaks to contemporary issues. The CSMBR’s reputation is also helping us to attract other scholars from many different countries and career stages to be part of this work – including many we haven’t met yet!

Madeleine, first of all congratulations on awarding the Fellowship. What does it feel like to be the first Santorio Global Fellow?

Well, it’s very gratifying, particularly because my project falls outside of the traditional bounds of early modern intellectual history. Not only does the project focus on the intellectual and social history of women whose stories are often ignored by the historical record, but it also specifically centers the practices of everyday women rather than exceptional, elite female practitioners. Being awarded the fellowship thus shows how these themes are becoming increasingly recognized in the field. It is a point of personal and professional pride to have the opportunity to participate in continued efforts to broaden the historical understanding of women’s involvement in medicine and science.

Tell us about yourself: your studies, your interests.

I am a Ph.D. student in the program for the History of Science and Medicine at Yale University. My research examines the social and intellectual history of female medical practice in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Italy. I am particularly interested in the relationship between pharmacology and cookery, with a focus on the commercial activities of religious women who prepared and sold medicines alongside other edible wares such as confections and pastries.

I am originally from Toronto, Canada, where I earned my B.A. in Renaissance Studies and my M.A. in the History of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. In my free time, I pursue many crafts, including drawing, painting, sewing, and baking. My interests in pharmacology and food history have guided much of my baking, inspiring me to experiment with historical techniques and recipes. I continue to test new and old recipes, sharing my creations with friends and family!

What’s your project about? Why do you think it is important to research it?

My project will form a central chapter of my Ph.D. dissertation and investigates the medical expertise of monastic women in northern Italy between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. My research emphasizes socio-spatial patterns of early modern medical care and knowledge production by considering the work of monastic women in urban, semi-rural, and rural geographies. I will conduct this research primarily in Parma, sponsored by the University of Parma, which offers me an ideal location from which to investigate local and regional practices in relation to larger urban centers such as Bologna and Milan.

By integrating the health-related activities of religious women in villages, towns, and the countryside into a larger history of convent pharmacy in early modern Italy, my study will demonstrate the extensive scope and importance of female monastic medicine across multiple geographies. This research is thus important because it complicates histories of pharmacy that have privileged the participation of urban men, and more recently urban women, above the intellectual pursuits and medical skills of rural female practitioners.

What are your sources, what do you expect from your research in Parma?

My sources are predominantly institutional records of a range of female monasteries that owned and operated public pharmacies in the region of Emilia-Romagna. Given the often-obscure nature of documentary material related to monastic businesses, my project depends on sources like administrative records, financial documents, and correspondences to elucidate signs of pharmacy-related activities. More explicit sources include business records, records of medicinal ingredients and stores, recipes books, and instruction manuals. In conversation with each other, I expect these sources will speak to the broader social, economic, and intellectual culture of female monastic institutions and highlight specific and localized practices related to making and selling medicines.

What motivated you to apply for a Santorio Global Fellowship?

I was motivated to apply for the Santorio Global Fellowship because it offered an opportunity not only to pursue my research, but also to join an international community of scholars. The possibilities of engaging with diverse members from both the CSMBR and the University of Parma greatly appealed to me. Because I firmly believe the best scholarship is born from collaboration and generosity, I was eager to apply for a fellowship that would intentionally foster that sense of intellectual community.

How did you hear about the CSMBR?

I first heard about the CSMBR when a faculty member in my home department at Yale circulated news of the Center’s summer school programing. Though I was unable to attend, I became aware of the CSMBR’s extensive programing and support for early-stage Ph.D. students. The focus of the Center naturally complimented many of the themes most relevant to my research in the history of early modern medicine, which encouraged me find other opportunities to engage with the CSMBR.

The Leonardo da Vinci Society in the UK is experiencing a revival. Founded in 1986 by Dr. Kenneth Keele, this institution has been a hidden gem for those passionate about the intersection of art, history and science.

Now, under the dynamic leadership of Professor Alexander Marr, Professor of Renaissance Art at Cambridge and Ordinary Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Medicine and the Body in the Renaissance, it’s undergoing a deep transformation.

The society’s revival has brought back the Annual Lecture series, with talks like ‘Leonardo’s Animal Anatomies’ by Martin Clayton offering fresh perspectives on Leonardo’s work, making the Renaissance era accessible and exciting.

Exclusive member events provide opportunities to view Leonardo’s drawings in prestigious locations. Online talks delve into art history, the history of science and medicine, and intellectual history, inviting curious minds to participate.

Take a look at the society’s new website (www.leonardodavincisociety.org.uk), which is the gateway to membership details and upcoming events and an open invitation to rediscover an era that continues to shape our world.